Hammertoes

What are hammertoes?

A hammertoe is a toe deformity that occurs when the middle joint of the toe becomes fixed in a bent or curled position. Although it can affect any toe, it most commonly involves the second toe. Hammertoes may be flexible in the early stages—meaning you can still straighten the toe—but over time the joint can stiffen, causing the deformity to become rigid and more painful.

The condition may develop gradually due to muscle imbalance, foot mechanics, or pressure from footwear. Without treatment, hammertoes can worsen, making everyday activities and shoe wear uncomfortable.

What are the symptoms of hammertoes?

Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the deformity, but may include:

• A visible bend or “hammer-like” curl in the affected toe
• Pain when wearing shoes
• Corns or calluses on the top, tip, or between toes
• Redness, irritation, or swelling
• Difficulty straightening the toe
• Worsening stiffness over time

As the condition progresses, the toe may rub against footwear, making shoes increasingly uncomfortable.

What causes hammertoes?

Hammertoes occur when the muscles and tendons that control toe movement become imbalanced. This imbalance gradually pulls the toe into a bent position. Factors that increase risk include:

• Wearing tight or narrow shoes
• High heels that force the toes into a cramped position
• Flat feet or high arches
• Previous toe injuries
• Genetics or inherited foot structure
• Arthritis or other joint conditions

The longer the deformity goes untreated, the more rigid and painful it can become.

How are hammertoes diagnosed?

Dr. Stephens begins with a physical exam to assess the flexibility of the toe, the severity of the deformity, and any corns or calluses that have formed. He evaluates your foot structure, tendon balance, and gait to identify underlying causes of your condition. X-rays may be used to examine bone alignment and joint changes, helping guide the most effective treatment plan.

How are hammertoes treated?

Treatment depends on whether the hammertoe is flexible or rigid. Dr. Stephens may recommend:

• Footwear changes to reduce pressure on the toes
• Pads, cushions, or orthotics to relieve rubbing and improve alignment
• Stretching and strengthening exercises to restore muscle balance
• Anti-inflammatory medications for pain and swelling

If the hammertoe becomes rigid or causes significant discomfort, minimally invasive or traditional surgical correction may be recommended to realign the toe and relieve pressure.

With timely care, most patients experience significant improvement in comfort and mobility. To learn more about hammertoe treatment, call Arise Foot and Ankle or book an appointment online today.